The United States Economic Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The United States Economic - Term Paper Example It is along these lines essential to investigate the macroeconomic causes and ramifications of cost increment of products, breakdown of the lodging market and the following budgetary unrest. Primary Body The worldwide economy is at present in the grasp of the greatest macroeconomic vulnerability over the most recent 25 years since costs of significant products, for example, corn, coal, flammable gas and oil have been reliably expanding in being activated incompletely by the quick increment popular in creating nations, for example, China and India. Anyway the costs in the lodging segment, particularly in the US have been declining. Lodging costs in the US have fallen by right around 25 percent comparable to the 2006 pinnacle time frame. The ensuing budgetary choppiness that overpowered the world economy after September 2007 keeps on holding its force in antagonistically affecting a few divisions in the US economy. Albeit various monetary powers have worked in making this unfriendly ma croeconomic circumstance, the two primary driver have been the expansion in the costs of essential products and the snappy debilitating of the lodging market. ... Costs rose forcefully in view of numerous reasons yet principally because of the expanding interest for oil in many creating nations, even while costs of different wares were rising. It is critical that during the most recent 20 years worldwide oil request and utilization has expanded extensively. For example, ensuing to the financial downturn in 2008, there was a decrease sought after for oil in the US and in numerous European nations, however the decay was adjusted by expanded interest for the item in nations, for example, India, Middle East and China. In the US, factors, for example, poor harvest yield, macroeconomic instability and gracefully interruption seemed to have contributed in compounding the development of costs (Jones, 2008). Another major macroeconomic stun to the US has been the enormous scope decrease in lodging costs that have been declining since 2006. Lodging request in the US was fuelled by request made by the new economies of the late 1990s, by low loan costs du ring the underlying long periods of the 2000s and on account of the consistent relaxing of loaning arrangements. Taking into account such falsely made monetary conditions, lodging costs in the US rose definitely preceding 2006 yet before long began declining and by 2008 had declined by 20 percent. The start of the budgetary strife and America’s monetary burdens lies in the situation of its lodging market after 2006. Individuals were pulled in by low loan costs, adaptable loaning standards and by the discernments that lodging costs will keep on expanding. Subsequently, enormous number of subprime borrowers who didn't fulfill the credit guidelines regarding credit record and application necessities were permitted to assume praise and to purchase homes. It is on record that during

The rise of the qin dynasty Essay Example

The ascent of the qin administration Essay The job/significance of Qin Shi Huang in early China Today China is an extraordinary modern force, its quick financial development in the course of recent decades have been truly amazing. Nearly everything is made in China, pretty much every United States resident can be seen with at any rate one customer thing from the nation. Be that as it may, this nation was not generally this incredible monetary force. Some time before China turned into the extraordinary force it is today, some time before it was even a nation, China was isolated from the outside world. Chinese history principally centered around inward China on the grounds that the encompassing region contained an unfriendly situation. This autonomy push on the Chinese from its confinement serves to clarify how the Chinese built up an exceptional and free human advancement. Indeed, even inside China, the nation was never a bound together state in old occasions. Or maybe, it was partitioned into many autonomous Chinese states. Be that as it may, following quite a while of fghting, seven significant realms rose, the most significant being the realm of Qin. It was inside this realm that Wang Ying Chen brought together China following quite a while of merciless battling. Under this lord, China was, unexpectedly, brought together under one ruler. When Wang came into power, his title as ruler was bad enough, so he renamed himself Shih Huang D, which implies first sovereign. Through his rule, he made China a more noteworthy force financially, strategically and socially. Prior to his standard, China was not politically steady, so to maintain a strategic distance from political confusion, vanquished states couldn't be alluded to as autonomous countries. Shih Huang Di then separated his realm into thirty six commanderies. These managerial units served well for China, for they made China increasingly composed. What's more, what made this framework so extraordinary was that it was not quite the same as what past traditions had done. We will compose a custom article test on The ascent of the qin tradition explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on The ascent of the qin administration explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on The ascent of the qin administration explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Past administrations had utilized free coalitions and alliances, which didn't do the nation well. In addition, government arrangements were not, at this point dependent on nepotism but instead on merit. This wiped out any degenerate movement inside the legislature that would Jeopardize the nation in any capacity. The primary ruler of China was additionally answerable for bringing together China financially. He normalized units of estimations for weight and measures. In addition, he normalized the money. What's more, more significantly, he set up a broad system of streets and waterways that encouraged exchange and added to the financial ell-being of the nation. Be that as it may, a large portion of every, under hello rule, the Chinese content was bound together. This made the correspondence arrangement of China totally bound together. These achievements were significant in setting up China as a superior nation. China would not be the equivalent in the event that it were not for Qin Shih Huang. The impact he had over Chinese culture can not be questioned. Framework l. Introduction a. China wasnt consistently as extraordinary as it was today b. Old occasions: not brought together c. First ruler II. Political impact a. Normalized money b. System of streets c. Impact IV. Social impact a. Correspondence framework V. End

Historic Boston

Historic Boston About a month ago I got a comment in one of my entries that read: Snively, Since you are used to getting up early now, go out to the Boston Market on Saturday and load up on the cherries and avocados, not to mention all the other fruits and veggies available right now. Better still, talk a walk through Little Italy. The smell of the bread and garlic early in the morning is amazing. Then go to Bunker Hill and climb the stairs (if you havent done that already). Then walk back to Little Italy and eat. Its an exceptional treat that I would love to do right now. Normally I wouldnt actually do this because Id be too busy or just not motivated enough, but for some reason this seemed like a good idea, so I went along with it. Thats right, your comments actually affect what happens in my life. Im kind of like a less creepy version of the subservient chicken. Unfortunately, my day of excitingness started off a bit rocky. I woke up too late to hit the market or to wander the North End (Little Italy) and enjoy the smells so I had to settle for going to Bunker Hill. I strapped on my skates, grabbed my directions from Google Maps, and headed out. I made it reasonably far before Google Maps decided to mess with me. Cross suchandsuch a bridge for .25 miles. Yessir Google Maps, Im at your command. *goes to cross bridge* Um, crap, no sidewalk or bike lane. I took a moment to evaluate my options. There were all sorts of bridges going across the river but none of them seemed to have sidewalks for me to skate on. I tried going left, skating for a while to see if there would be an alternate way across the river. Nope. I skated back. How about to the right? *skate skate skate skate* Woo-hoo! A bridge! I skated across the bridge and then attempted to skate back to where I was supposed to end up according to Google Maps. Easier said than done. Thats the thing about step by step directions instead of a map, one mistake and youre done for. I skated for about 15 minutes, unable to figure out where Google Mapss sidewalk-free bridge ended and couldnt do it. I ended up stopping at a drugstore and buying a map of Boston. After a quick map viewing I oriented myself and was back on track. This is when I saw my first exciting tourist attraction of the day. Quick, just by looking at the picture, guess what country Im in: Looks like Europe, doesnt it! For a second I thought I was back in Italy on vacation, but then I heard som guy yell (with a thick Boston accent) out his car window at another driver and I was quickly reminded where I actually was. I continued skating towards the bridge and connected with the Freedom Trail, a brick trail that connects all the major historic locations of Boston. Basically, a giant magnetic line for tourists. Fortunately for me, this trail led right to Bunker hill so I followed it. Let me tell you something about Bunker Hill. Its a hill. A big hill. A hill that I skated up. A hill that, once I reached the top, I couldnt let myself go back down just because it would have been a waste of the energy required to get to the top of the hill. Instead, I took off my skates and wandered around a bit, enjoying the sites at the top of the hill. Ok, time to listen to the blog comment and climb the stairs of the monument. I wandered over and saw this sign: Psh, thats not so many stairs! Im in good shape, I can do that no sweat. In fact, I think Ill jog it. After admiring the masonic symbol on a decorative cup at the base of the tower I began my ascent. *jog jog jog jog* This isnt so bad! *jog jog jog* Look, Im already at step 50! *jog jog* Hm, I wonder how far I am now? *jog* Step 75!? *step step step step* Well, maybe Ill walk a little bit and then start jogging again later *step step step* Ok, this isnt fun anymore *step step* 150!? WHAT!? Really now, thats it? *step* I hate stairs. At around the 210 step mark I realized that turning around wasnt an option because Id already come so far, but going any farther just wasnt something I wanted to do. What does one do? One keeps going, even though it hurts (remember that for next year all you eager beaver 12s). Eventually, 294 steps up, I made it to the top. Oh, have I mentioned the 90% humidity? In the top room I saw about 5 other equally exhausted looking people, all soaked with sweat, taking in the view. Now, I will cram the view down your throats. Why? Why am I going to post so many pictures of it? Because I almost died trying get to the top, just to see this, so now all of you are going to see it too. And, that last stair, the hardest one: Finally it was time to descend, something that really hurt me to do, seeing as Id built up so much potential energy by climbing those bloody stairs. Lets see, mass x gravity x height = potential energy. That equates to 81 kg x 9.8 m/s^2 x 20 bazillion meters = 15,876 bazillion Joules of energy. What a waste! I started me descent, jogging. Luckily for me its much easier to jog down than to jog up, so in about a minute and a half I was at the bottom. Thats right, even jogging down it took a minute and a half. Thats a long time, but I was able to entertain myself by watching the gradual change in expressions of the people climbing up the stairs. As I started down it was like watching the undead reach the summit but as I neared the bottom I noticed eager, athletic, and optimistic faces. When I reached the bottom I took some time to cool down and read some plaques that talked about various historical things. Im not a big fan of history so I wont go into detail, youll have to look it up on Wikipedia, but eventually Id read enough and was ready to move on. I now faced a decision: should I head straight back to the dorm or should I do something else with my Sunday? While I decided I wandered to the (air conditioned) Bunker Hill Museum. I forced myself not to purchase a Jaw Harp (even though I really wanted one) and made my decision regarding the rest of my day. I decided to walk the freedom trail all the way back to the Boston Commons, effectively eliminating it from my list of 101 Things to Do Before I Graduate list and in turn, culturing myself. My first stop on the freedom trail was the U.S.S. Constitution, or as you may know her, Old Ironsides. I om nom nomed an Italian sausage and some peppers before checking out the original drydock for the Constitution. After the Constitution there wasnt a whole lot to see on the freedom trail for quite a distance, it just snakes around through the North End. It does give you a chance to see the Bunker Hill monument from a distance though. The next important location was the Old North Church. You remember that, right? Paul Revere, lanterns, land and sea, British? Thats right, let that APUSH flood back into your brain for the next 5 seconds as you look at two pictures: Inside Outside I continued on my trek and saw a fountain and a donkey Whats that donkey looking at? Feet! I should stand on those! A little farther down the street was one of the big important locations on the freedom trail, the Granary Burial ground. There were a couple of awesome things about this cemetery. The first was the hilarious show of gender inequality that was proudly displayed in the center of the cemetery. For your viewing pleasure, the tombstone of Benjamin Franklins father: But, Benjamin Franklins mom must be dead too, and wouldnt she want to be buried near her husband? Where could her grave be? Wait, whats that? Hm, whose name is on that tiny little tombstone shoved behind the giant Franklin monument? There she is! I wonder if they discussed those burial arrangements? Honey, Id like to talk about our burial arrangements. Oh dear, I trust you to be fair and true when deciding how we will forever be remembered by the world. Absolutely honey, well have two ident AAAAAAAHHHHHHHHH!!!!!!! Oh no! Im so sorry! I didnt mean to pour scalding hot oil all over you! Please, please forgive me! Oh, I forgive you. Really, its no big deal. If youll excuse me, Im going to go finish up our burial arrangements. No, really, dont worry about pouring boiling oil all over me right before I decide who gets what in the cemetery, I promise Ill still be fair. . . Other awesome dead people present were all of the victims of the Boston Massacre Paul Revere John Hancock and our favorite brewer, Samual Adams. After the cemetery I visited Quincy Market, Borders, a bar to watch a bit of the Eurocup, and then I ended up on the Boston Commons. How did I know I was in the Boston COmmons? Because, conviniently, a large red pushpin marked it out for me. A walk back to campus from the Boston Commons yielded two things of note: 1) Another Smart Car! 2) The Church of Scientology! Finally, after 5 hours and a little over 11 miles, I saw MIT. I got back to the dorm and collapsed. It had been a very long, culture-filled day and it was definitely time for some air-conditioned rr. Curious just exactly where I went? Click this link at your own risk, its kinda a big image file, but it traces my route for you all to enjoy. Map, 3 Mb

The Psychological Understanding Of Schizophrenia - 2173 Words

The human mind and how it works is still one of the world’s biggest mysteries but as the technology and science improves every day, the psychological understanding of the mind and schizophrenia has improved as well. From the beliefs of demons dwelling in the minds of the ancient people to understanding the true psychological understanding of this disorder and how it affects the mind. The treatment differs throughout the ages as ancient doctors and knew little on the disorder now known as schizophrenia, the treatment has varied from killing people to shock therapy today. Even though the understanding has grown there still is no cure, but with treatment and medicine one can live a full functioning life. Schizophrenia has been around since†¦show more content†¦Schizophrenia is a chronic and severe mental disorder that affects how a person thinks, feels, and behaves. People with schizophrenia may seem like they have lost touch with reality. Although schizophrenia is not a s common as other mental disorders, the symptoms can be very disabling but with the help of treatment and medicine the there is a possibility that the patient can have a full functioning life. Symptoms of schizophrenia usually start between ages 16 and 30. In rare cases, children have schizophrenia too due to the fact that it can be passed down genetically. Some of the â€Å"positive† symptoms are psychotic behaviors not generally seen in healthy people. People with positive symptoms may â€Å"lose touch† with some aspects of reality. Symptoms include: Hallucinations, Delusions, Thought disorders (unusual or dysfunctional ways of thinking), Movement disorders (agitated body movements). There are also â€Å"negative† symptoms are associated with disruptions to normal emotions and behaviors. Symptoms include: â€Å"Flat affect† (reduced expression of emotions via facial expression or voice tone), reduced feelings of pleasure in everyday life, difficulty beg inning and sustaining activities, reduced speaking. â€Å"What differs from the positive and negative symptoms are that positive symptoms add a behavior, thought, or feeling. Where negative symptoms take away a behavior, thought, or feeling. Keep in mind, even though it s called a positive symptom it doesn’t mean it

Work Place Relations - 1355 Words

Work Place relationships William Trimble Baker College PSY101 Gwen Zegestowsky June 11, 2014 Work Place Relationships Part I: Describe the characteristics of an unhealthy relationship in the workplace. Just like personal relationships, workplace relationships can be both healthy or unhealthy. The nature of ones relationships in the workplace can relate to job satisfaction and success in that workplace. Describe three characteristics that would exemplify an unhealthy relationship with coworkers and/or managers. Most people spend the majority of their lives at work, and studies repeatedly show happy employees are more productive. Companies that†¦show more content†¦Overcoming a toxic workplace can be a challenge, but there is often a sense of freedom that comes from understanding the situation you are in. You have a choice how you react to an unhealthy situation. There is hope. You can take back your life and find happiness in your career. Part II: It is not uncommon to seek advice on relationships in popular media such as television, magazines, radio talk shows, self-help books/programs. Find a substantial example from a popular media source where relationship advice is given to improve workplace relationships. If you cannot locate an example you may use one of the samples provided below. Answer the following: What sort of information is included? Provide a brief overview of the advice given. The media source I used for this paper comes from the Houston Chronicle Small Business Section. At one point in my career we were encouraged to read this section daily. On workplace relationships there are four areas that were touched on, They are: Basics Human relations in the workplace are a major part of what makes a business work. Employees must frequently work together on projects, communicate ideas and provide motivation to get things done. Without a stable and inviting workplace culture, difficult challenges can arise both in the logistics of managing employees and in the bottom line. Businesses with engaging workplaces and a well-trained workforce are more likely to retain and attract qualifiedShow MoreRelatedINDUSTRIAL RELATIONS AND INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES745 Words   |  3 PagesINDUSTRIAL RELATIONS AND INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES Industrial Relations Introduction †¢ relations which are the outcome of the employment relationship in an industrial enterprise †¢ every industrial relations system creates a complex of rules and regulations to govern the work place and work community †¢ main purpose: to maintain harmonious relations between labour and management by solving their problems through collective bargaining †¢ the government/state shapes industrial relations with the help ofRead MoreEmployee Relations Issues1696 Words   |  7 PagesEmployee Relations Issues Individual Research Project Employee Relations Issues By Oksana Kirsanova GB520: Strategic Human Resources Management Kaplan University April 25, 2011 Abstract Abstract The aim of this report was to explore the problems and trends of Employee Relations and learn how the right approach can control organizational success. If a small amount of time is spent on implementing an effective performance management system within a company then it can lead to a large impact onRead MoreThe Analysis Of The Equitable Employee Relations Since The Year 19681542 Words   |  7 PagesThe research has a focus on the analysis of the equitable employee relations since the year 1968. It is important for the understanding of the employee working conditions that existed in the workplace for the purpose of forming a comprehensive understanding and relations to the current environment of businesses and organizations. There has been a lot of progress since the period of the Dagenham, 1968, to the current time. This has been mostly due to the industrial action and legislative changes thatRead MoreSocial Relations Within Doreen Massey s Delves Into The Theory Behind The Conce pts Of Space And Place Essay1650 Words   |  7 PagesDoreen Massey’s book delves into the theory behind the concepts of space and place, while including the effect these concepts have on gender. She also includes gender’s effect on space and place. She views these theories with a feminist’s mindset. This means to look at these ideas while understanding that the dominate form of conceptualization has been influenced by the dominance of masculine ideals or how they â€Å"are commonly conceptualized† (Massey 1994, 1) in Massey’s viewpoint. The masculine idealsRead MoreA Brief Note On Ethics And Conduct And Behavior1089 Words   |  5 PagesEthics Research Report Student Name: Longfei Wang Student ID: 11529471 Executive Summary This report describe the two professional areas, they are Early Childhood and Public Relation (PR). In this two areas, this article illustrates the importance of three professional codes which are ethics, conduct and behavior. The report also reveal some ethical or unethical behaviors in the light of the two professional areas. Then the two professions will be compared in the codes ofRead More A critical review of the major opposing views on arbitration industrial relations1291 Words   |  6 Pages This paper will critically review the major opposing perspectives on arbitration and industrial relations, with particular attention to how government regulation and intervention relate to the changes made to the system after 1996. The major focus of this brief paper will be to demonstrate that Howard’s industrial relations policies resemble those of the late 1800’s, where the Master and Servant Act’s regulated the relationships between employer and employee. These were replaced with the introductionRead MoreThe Famous Concept Of Scientific Management1145 Words   |  5 Pagespush it further according to his concept (Thompson, 1914). His work later gave inspiration to many researches from other fields (Wren, 2011). On the other hand, Elton Mayo research later on the Hawthorne Experiment has deviated the industrial psychology from what relates the worker’s relationship to his job instead to workers prioritizing work relations and attitude (Cubbon, 1969). Elton Mayo then develops the concept of Human Relations by studying the workers in groups instead of how Taylor did byRead MoreThe Importance Of A Public Relations Agency853 Words   |  4 Pagesbiggest questions that individuals or companies ask if whether to have an in-house public relations department or to turn to a public relations agency. There are many benefits to using a firm or working in a firm. From a business standpoint, using an agency is very beneficial. The public relati ons firms already have connections and relationships established with media outlets, which makes it easier for an agency to place press releases or articles into almost every form of media. Another benefit of usingRead MoreRomantic Love Is A Deep Interaction Between Two Persons733 Words   |  3 Pagesother. â€Å"Concentration and fusion into the whole being can never take place through my agency, nor can it ever take place without me. I become through my relation to the Thou; as I become I, I say Thou† (Buber, pg. 160). So romantic love happens when an understanding comes to being that the other is you and potentially your entire universe of being for as long as you are in relation. Although, there can be instances where the relation is involuntary and isn’t fluid. There is pulling and pushing. â€Å"WhileRead MoreHuman Resources : An Organization1424 Words   |  6 Pagesthey work out what level of skills are needed by the workers and how many workers are needed for business. They have to create a positive working environment for the workers to insure that the workers are happy and working well to achieve the business’ goals. They also deal with the conditions of employment and the workers’ salaries. The human resource department’s job is to recruit the best workers for the job, also make sure training is put in place so that the new employee’s know how to work to

Nba †a New Digital Entertainment Model in China Free Essays

string(21) " and live NBA games\." Entertainment and Media Industries Professor Sam Craig NBA – A New Digital Entertainment Model in China Name : Ted Mui Executive Summary The National Basketball Association’s expansion into the Chinese market has been met with great success. The company’s China operation currently generates over UDS$150 million in annual sales, and is one of the most recognized international brands in the country. To further focus on the growth of this unique market, a subsidiary was established in 2008, with former head of Microsoft China Tim Chen serving as the first CEO. We will write a custom essay sample on Nba – a New Digital Entertainment Model in China or any similar topic only for you Order Now The NBA has had great success in developing strategic partnerships in China. Over 290 games are broadcasted on Chinese TV per year, and NBA-related content can be readily found online on Chinese websites. However, NBA China has thus far generated little revenue directly from its end consumers, especially with its digital offerings. In reviewing its target market, we find that the NBA is in direct competition with other online entertainment products for the time and money spent by this market. Popular online entertainment options for China youths share the following traits: simple to learn and use, ability to interact with other users, a high (and almost addicting) replay value, and contain many customizable features for its users. Based on these ideas, it is suggested that NBA China pursue the development of a brand new web portal combining the components of gaming, social networking, and video streaming, which currently all exist as separate components. Using a concept based on an old video game idea, the web portal will aim to move consumers down the marketing funnel, eventually expanding the fan base and leading to end-user generated revenue. The cliche of the China market is well known to everyone by now. With its population of 1. 3 billion steadily increasing its purchasing power, China has become the focal point of just about every multinational company. Despite its potential, many multinational corporations’ attempt in entering the China market ends in failure, with millions of dollars of investment vanishing without producing any returns. The National Basketball Association is one of the rare success stories in China. Since opening its first office in Hong Kong in 1992, the NBA’s Greater China operation has grown to four offices with over 100 employees, generating over USD$150 million in annual sales. According to a survey, nearly 90% of Chinese people aged 15-54 in 11 urban markets had some awareness of the brand. 1 Despite this initial success, there remain many opportunities for growth in this market, especially in the digital sector. Facing increasing pressure from competition wishing to emulate its success and from shareholders seeking greater returns from the market, the NBA must look for new ways to build on its success in China. Company Background The National Basketball Association, founded in 1946, is a global sports and entertainment brand that features 30 teams in the United States and Canada. It is currently the third largest sports league in North America, with an estimated league revenue of $3. 2 billion for the 2008-09 season. Looking to expand the association’s presence outside of North America, the NBA occasionally hosts exhibition games around the world. 1 The NBA first made its presence in China in 1979, when the Samantha Marshall, â€Å"NBA’s China Strategy a Slam Dunk,† Crain’s New York Business. com, May 29, 2008. 2 Source: Plunkett Research, Ltd Washington Bullets traveled to China to play two exhibition games against the Chinese National Team. Seeing the potential for the Greater China market, the NBA sent its first Asia-based employee to Hong Kong in 1990. The association’s operations in China have grown substantial since, leading up to the formation of NBA China in 2008. As a subsidiary of the association, NBA China is responsible for conducting all of the league’s business in Greater China. While the NBA remains as the majority shareholder of the new entity, 5 other strategic partners invested $253 million to acquire 11% of the company in preferred equity. The 5 partners are ESPN (a division of Walt Disney), Bank of China Group Investment, Legend Holdings Ltd. Li Ka Shing Foundation, and China Merchants Investment. 4 Timothy Chen, former CEO of Microsoft China, was appointed as the new entity’s first CEO. NBA’s Digital Strategy in China Since Yao Ming’s entry into the league, NBA coverage has grown substantially along all lines of Chinese media. The country’s national television network, CCTV, has Each season, the CCTV established a long-term partnership with the association. sports channel televises over 90 regular season games, including the NBA All-Star Game, NBA Playoff games and The Finals. In addition to CCTV, the NBA is also covered by 50 other broadcasters around China, covering all but 2 provinces in the country. In total, about 290 NBA games are broadcasted on TV in China each year. 5 3 Pete Thamal, â€Å"The NBA and China Are Fans of Each Other,† New York Times, August 9, 2008. Source: nba. com 5 Source: hket. com 4 The NBA has also been able to capitalize on the rapidly increasing population of internet users in China. The association has partnered with Tom. com to revamp its localized websites in Greater China (Mainland China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan). Among the new features, the sites will include online webcasts allowing viewers to watch live games and Chinese-language talk shows daily, and provide gaming and fantasy basketball options and networking capabilities. 6 Moving towards high definition media, the NBA has recently signed a strategic cooperation agreement to allow BesTV, Shanghai Media Group’s (SMG) Internet Protocol TV (IPTV) subsidiary, to offer pay-perview broadcasts of up to 14 high-definition NBA games daily over a four-year period. 7 Through a partnership with KongZhong Corporation, the NBA has also launched a China WAP site in 2007. The site will allow mobile users to access a broad range of content options including news, scores, editorial content, player interviews, TV schedules, wallpapers, ring tones, video clips and live NBA games. You read "Nba – a New Digital Entertainment Model in China" in category "Papers" The NBA hopes to generate revenue from the site through offering advertising options to corporations and premium downloadable content to end-users. 8 The NBA’s media blitz in China appears to have produced great results. Currently, more than 30% of nba. com traffic comes from China, and this number can be expected to increase over the years. NBA† was ranked 7th in the hottest search keywords in 2008 for Baidu, China’s leading search engine. Similarly, â€Å"NBA† was ranked 10th for Google China’s most popular search words. Other than the NBA, only Xunlei and QQ, 6 7 Anita Davis, NBA Inks Tom. com Online Deal, CEI, August 20, 2008 st Source: 21 Century Business Herald 8 Source: nba. com two of China’s largest web portals, appear in the top 10 of both those lists. However, it is unknown how effective this web traffic has been in generating actual revenue for NBA China. Market Overview In 2008, China overtook America as the country with the largest number of internet users. As of the second quarter of 2009, the country now has over 330 million users, with a growth rate of over 50% annually (see exhibit A). The demographic groups growing comparatively faster than this average are people living in rural areas (with over 100% annual growth), young â€Å"netizens† aged 18 and under, and adults aged 30 and up. Exhibit B shows a breakdown of the age demography of internet users in China. There are also an increasing number of users accessing the internet through mobile devices. Currently, over 29% of internet users use mobile phones to get online, with a growth rate far exceeding that of laptop users. 9 The high growth rate indicates that more and more of the country’s 600 million mobile-phone subscribers now own mobile devices capable of accessing internet information. With next generation mobile technologies such as the iPhone and Google Android yet to reach the mass market in China, there remains great potential for significant growth in this market for years to come. The Meek Shall Inherit the Web, Economist, September 6, 2008 Exhibit A 100 million Total Internet users in China: 2005-2009 3. 5 3 2. 5 2 1. 5 1 0. 5 0 1. 23 1. 03 1. 62 2. 50 3. 38 Total Internet Users 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Exhibit B Age structure of Internet users in China Source: Statistical Survey Report on the Internet Development in China, CNNIC, January 2008 Competition Many sports a nd entertainment companies have tried to emulate the NBA’s success in China and have invested heavily in its digital marketing efforts. The National Football League has launched a Chinese website (nflchina. com) providing up-to-date news and score, discussion boards and mini-games. Manchester United, the richest sports club in the world, also has an all-Chinese website with online media and shopping to capture on its Chinese fan base. But as the earlier search rankings would suggest, the NBA is by far the leading sports entertainment company in China. Leading infotainment web portals such as sina. com and sohu. com have pages dedicated to the NBA linked from their front page. Already in a dominant position in the sports entertainment sector in China, the NBA should perhaps look at its competitive landscape from another perspective. At present, the NBA generates the majority of its revenue in China through broadcast rights, branding partnerships and ad sales through its media channels. However, it has thus far been able to generate relatively little income from its actual fan base with its digital content. In comparison, end-user Internet Value Added Services (IVAS) made up for the majority of the revenue for Tencent Holdings Ltd. another digital media partner of NBA China. Tencent Holdings Ltd. is the largest and most used internet service portal in China. The company’s strategic goal is to provide users with a â€Å"one-stop online life service†10 While its product offerings are similar to that of MSN Messenger, Facebook, World of Warcraft, 10 Source: tencent. com and other leading instant messaging, social networking, and online gaming com panies, Tencent is unique in its ability to generate revenue directly from the end users of its products. Most of Tencent’s products are interconnected through its QQ Network, ncouraging its free users to upgrade in order to access its value-added services such as ringtone downloading, SMS sending/receiving, and online gaming. QQ Coin was later introduced to allow users greater ease in making purchases in the â€Å"virtual world†, and incentivizing video gamers with rewards for performance. With a retail value of 1 yuan (about 14 cents) per coin, users are able to use the coins to purchase â€Å"virtual goods† such as avatars, virtual gifts for friends, and even items for use in games. Due to its ease of use and low denomination in value, the QQ Coin took off with the company’s young user base. It is estimated that nearly $2 billion in virtual currency was traded in 2008, even leading the Chinese government to implement restrictions to the trade. 11 Exhibit C Tencent Holdings Ltd. Quarterly Revenue by Sector Source: Tencent Holdings Ltd. Investor Fact Sheet 11 David Barboza, In China, New Limits of Virtual Currency, New York Times, June 30, 2009 Strategic Analysis While NBA China has succeeded in building brand awareness with its target demographic market, its digital strategy has thus far only focused on only the active fan base of this market. Its licensed product with Tencent and EA Sports, NBA Street Online, targets only the segment of gamers who are passionate about NBA basketball. Likewise, services on the NBA China website such as video games and news updates are mainly targeted to already converted basketball fans. A recently initiative called NBAiD was launched exclusively for the NBA China website. Looking to capitalize on the growing popularity of social networking and blogging, NBAiD acts as a personal page for NBA fans, allowing fans to connect with one another and express opinions through blogs. However, at this point, the product itself has very little added value for active or casual fans. Segmenting user categories using the concept of the marketing funnel, we see that NBA China has succeeded in both capturing awareness in the mass market and driving loyalty from its core fan base through its digital strategy, but have done little to drive â€Å"aware† consumers down the funnel (see Exhibit D). There remains great potential for the NBA to generate greater interest and desire for its product through a revision of its digital strategy. Exhibit D The Marketing Funnel Applied to NBA China Target Market Awareness Casual internet users who are aware of the NBA brand, but have no intent to spend money on its products Internet users who are interested in learning more about the NBA, and look to utilize free products and services made available to them Interest Desire Internet users who are attracted by the entertainment value of the NBA and may take action upon receiving an attractive offer Action Individuals who are engaged to the NBA and are most likely to purchase new products and services offered to them Repeat Purchases The digital age has changed the landscape of sports marketing. Martin Sorell, chief executive of WPP, recently advised the International Committee on the importance of meeting the needs of the new generation of young and tech-savvy consumers: There are 1. 6 billion people online today and 4 billion mobile phones. The key audience with whom these digital opportunities resonate is of course young people. They are a valuable and massive audience. Globally they impact over $600 billion in consumer spending. The young people take their media habits with them, so if you are ot part of their habit now – you most definitely will not be in the future. Let the children play. You have to let them play with your content, your assets in their own way. 12 12 Karolos Grohmann, Don’t Restrict Games Media Access, Sorrell urges IOC, Reuters, October 5, 2009 While referring to a different context, Sorrell’s remarks can also be addressed to NBA China’s current situation. Ther e is indeed a huge market of internet and mobile users, and the majority of them belong to the young demographic group that NBA China is targeting. The media habits of youths in China also differ greatly than that of the United States (see Exhibit E for comparison). On average, Chinese youths spend about 18 hours on the internet a week, compared to 12 hours in the US. 13 Social networking sites such as renren. com and kaixin001. com, streaming video sites such as youku. com and todou. com, and online games make up for the majority of these hours spent online. NBA China should now look to capture a bigger share of the â€Å"entertainment hours† spent by youths online. To accomplish this, NBA China must understand and tap into the media habits of these users, as Sorrell suggests. Exhibit E Comparison of Internet Activities Used by US and China Internet Users Source: China Internet Network Information Center Pew Research Center 13 Shaun Rein, Blogging Down in China, BusinessWeek, July 27, 2006 Popular online entertainment options for China youths share the following traits: simple to learn and use, ability to interact with other users, a high (and almost addicting) replay value, and contain many customizable features for its users. One such example is the recent phenomenon of the Happy Farm game (see Exhibit F for screenshots). The concept of the game is not a breakthrough in any way: In the game, players act as owners of a farm, and are responsible for cultivating, irrigating, fertilizing, spraying, harvesting and selling crops. Each action will add points to the player’s level. However, a player can not only take action on his own farm, but also on his friends’ farms. Thus, people can either help their friends manage their farms, or steal crops from other players. The accumulation of all these actions will eventually help the players get bigger farms. Made available for users in social networking sites such as kaixin001. com and renren. com, the success of the simple game has been phenomenal, with reportedly 23 million users now playing the game. 14 Tencent has since created its own version of the farming game, and is expected to generate RMB50 million (USD $7 million) from the game each month. 15 Exhibit F Screenshots of â€Å"Happy Farm† Game 14 15 Source: duowan. com Source: tradingmarkets. com Recommendation Currently, the NBA China already has components of gaming, social networking, and video streaming. The idea is to combine all these components into one entertainment web portal targeted to youths that will drive interest and desire, leading to generation of revenue from end users. In 2005-06, video game developer 2K Sports added a new feature to its yearly NBA and NFL games called â€Å"The Crib†. The feature awards players as they accomplish feats and milestones within the game. With crib credits, players are then able to decorate their crib (slang for home), buy music, or play mini-games (see Exhibit G for screenshots of Cribs). While this feature was innovative in adding replay value to the game, its customizable options were limited and the feature was eventually removed in future renditions of the sports games. However, such a concept may be much better utilized in an online environment where crib owners can interact in real time, new videos and games are readily accessible, and virtual items are plenty to satisfy the customization appetite of its users. Exhibit F Screenshots of â€Å"The Crib† from video game NFL 2K5 Source: ign. com The possibilities stemming from such an idea are endless. Having already an established network of corporate partners, â€Å"The NBA Crib† can serve as a media channel for product placement. Already showing an appetite for spend virtual dollars, users in return can earn or buy credits to purchase branded virtual products for their cribs (ie. a Coca Cola machine) or even themselves (ie. the latest basketball shoes from Adidas). Other uses for crib credits can include purchasing coupons for use at the online NBA store and video clips and music exclusive to the NBA. Most importantly, interaction between crib owners should be encouraged through games within the crib system. Basketball-themed games can take place within the assigned neighborhoods of owners, and friends can â€Å"visit† each other’s crib with their custom avatar. With the right combination of attractive gaming options, customizable features, and interactive capabilities, this concept will substantially increase the interaction between the NBA and its fans, and eventually lead to a sustainable model for generating revenue from its target market of Chinese youths. NBA China has successfully developed a unique and dominant position in the sports entertainment sector in China. However, the NBA can not simply rely on its popularity and brand recognition to succeed. With Yao Ming injured this season, there are worries that NBA viewership rates in China will significantly drop this coming season. It is therefore crucial for NBA China to connect with its target market and provide supportive product offerings to satisfy their entertainment needs. In this market of technologydriven consumers, NBA China must strive to not only become the leader in sports entertainment in China, but also a leader in digital entertainment. How to cite Nba – a New Digital Entertainment Model in China, Papers

Human Anatomical Variations and Anomalies Developmental

Question: Describe about the Human Anatomical Variations and Anomalies.Developmental? Answer: The skull flat bones is the bony structure forming the head of the skeleton. It has two parts, the facial skeleton and the neurocranium. The former is composed of bones and the latter forms a cranial cavity. The bones of the skull are joined by synarthrodial joints. The flat bones in the skull includes occipital, parietal, frontal, nasal, lacrimal and vomer bones. The skull supports the face structure and forms a cavity for the brain. It protects the brain from injuries. The flat bones gives protection or broad surfacre for muscle attachment. The spine is made of a series of bones packed like blocks with cushions called discs in between. The spine is present from the base of the skull till the pelvis. The spine is the pillar of support for the weight of the body and it protects the spinal cord. The vertebral column is composed up of cortical bones. It is surrounded by a connective tissue membrane and below the cortical bone layer is the layer of spongy cancellous bone. The vertebral column is divided into different regions which are named according to the region of spine. These are cervical spine, lumbar spine, thoracic spine, sacrum and coccyx. The medullary cavity lies within this that has an inner core of bone marrow. These bones function in skeletal mobility and are subjected to load during activities of daily life (Notebaert, 2014). These are synarthrodial or immovable joints and are a kind of fibrous joints. These are formed by bony ossification. The Sharpeys fibres permit some level of flexibility. Little movement in the suture contributes to elasticity and compliance of the skull. This is a kind of fibrocartilaginous joint. The joint lies between adjacent vertebrae. The joints allow slight movement of the vertebrae. Moreover, it acts as the ligament for holding the vertebrae together. They too have a role as shock absorbers. This is a kind of synovial joint. They achieve movement at the point of contact of the articulating bones. The movements possible with synovial joints are adduction, abduction, flexion, extension and rotation. Abduction refers to the movement away from the mid-line of the body. Adduction is the movement toward the mid-line of the body. Extension is the straightening limbs at a joint and flexion refers to the bending of limbs at a joint. Rotation is the circular movement around the fixed point. The synovial joint is the movable type of joints in human body. Its structure consist of synovial cavity, joint capsule and articular cartilage. Synovial cavity- It has space between bone filled with synovial fluid. Joint capsule- It consist ofs outer fibrous membrane containing ligaments and inner synovial membrane secreting synovial fluid. The synovial fluid lubricates the joint and acts as a shock absorber. Articular cartilage- It is a layer of hyaline cartilage lining the epiphyses of joint with smooth surfaces. It acts as a shock absorber and prevents friction during movement. This is the Tendon tissue. It is a band of fibrous connective tissue which attaches muscle to bones. It is composed of collagen and attaches to the connective tissue layer called periosteum. Function- Its main function is to attach bones to muscles and enable flexible movement in the body. Movements like running, jumping, lifting and other physical actions occurs because of tendon tissue. Longer than average tendons in calf muscles or back of heel is advantageous for long distance runners. This is the structure of ligament. It is a dense band of fibrous connective tissue made of collagen fibres which connects one bones to other bones to form joints. The fibres of connective tissues are arranged irregularly or in parallel starns. Irregular fibrous connective tissue is found in dermis of skin and regular fibrous connective tissue is found in tendons and ligaments. Function- It provides stability to joints and prevent those movement that might damage joints. It ensures proper alignment of bones during movement. It different range of motion control for different joints. For example it prevents elbow joints from extending backward. This is the Articular cartilage. It is the specialized connective tissue of diarthrodial joints. The cartilage is repsonisble for facilitating load transmission with reduced friction and giving a lubricated surface for articulation. It does not have lymphatics, nerves and blood vessels and has a low capacity for intrinsic healing and repair. The 3 types of muscle tissue are cardiac, smooth, and skeletal. Cardiac muscle cells are found in the walls of the heart where they appear striated, and have involuntary control. Smooth muscle fibers are present in the walls of hollow visceral organs, apart from the heart. They appear as spindle-shaped, and are under involuntary control. Skeletal muscle fibers are present in muscles attached to the skeleton. They are striated in appearance and are under voluntary control (Lindstedt, 2016). A nerve impulse at neuromuscular junction stimulates release of Acetylcholine. It lead sto depeolarization of motor end plate which travel throughout the muscle by transverse tubules. It causes the release of Ca+ ions from sarcoplasmic reticulum. In the presence of high Ca+ ions, the ions binds to Troponin and changes the shape. This results in moving Tropomypsin from the active site of the Actin. The next step is attachment of myosin filaments to the Actin and formation of a bridge. When ATP is broken down it causes release of energy and enables the myosin to pull the actin filaments inwards. This shortenes the muscle. Detachment of myosin from actin takes place and this leads to the break of the cross-bridge when a molecule of ATP binds to myosin. When the ATP is broken, the myosin head is again attached to the actin binding site. The process of contraction takes place till there is sufficient ATP and Ca+ stores. When the impulse stops, Ca+ ions is pumped back to sarcoplasmic reticulum and actin returns to resting positon causing the muscles to leghten and relax again (Rall, 2014). The biceps and the triceps are the antagonistic muscles. The elbow joints is responsible for the movement of the forearm. The biceps refers to the front of the upper arm and the triceps refers to the back of the upper arm. When the triceps muscle contracts, there is a downward movement of the forearm whereas when the biceps muscle contracts, upper movement of the forearmtakes place. For the foreaem to lift, the biceps contracts and the triceps relaxes. For lowering the forearm, the triceps undergoes contraction and the biceps undergo relaxation (Jarmey, 2013). There are numerous risks associated with poor posture. Poor posture can impede the ability of the lungs to expand. Posture, when correct, helps to increases one's ability to breathe, and allows muscles to work at optimum capacity.Bad posture causes physical and mental heath complications iuncluding depression and stress. Poor posture is also a main risk factor in many injuries. They also develop poor breathing as it restricts blood and oxygen flow. Neck pain and back pain are very common. People may be suffering from headaches (Diogo Wood, 2016). Imporper lifting techniques can cause injuries. Muscle injuries occur when a person getting out of lifting outs a great amount of stress on the lower back muscle and the demand on the muscle is high. Disc injuries can also occur when injuries occur to the invertebral discs. There are many joints where bones come in contact with each other in the back. Usually they are capable of handling the stresses related to lifting. However, inappropriate lifting techniquescan irritate the joints and may cause them to become "locked (Isa et al., 2014). The pain and discomfort of arthritis can make it difficult to sleep. Many people with feel irresistable fatigue and a lack of energy. In some cases, flare-ups leads toshort-term fever. Lack of appetite can contribute to poor overall health. The organs mostly effected are circulatory system, mouth, eyes and skin, respiratory system and immune system. The complications with skin are rashes and nodule formation. Complication arises with thinning of bones. Scarring, inflammation, and drying are the possible effects o the eyes. Lungs are effected in that they get scarred and inflamed. Atherosclerosis and stroke may be some other potential complications. Blood clots, anemia, Felty syndrome, compressed or pinched nerves are some other negative impacts on a persons health (Wilcox et al., 2014). Arthritis affects normal movement of human body. The protective cartilage and fluids inside joints breakdown due to wearing down of tissues or injury. It makes the movement of affected joints difficul t and painful. When bones rub against each other, it causes acute pain. Continuor painful friction may also lead to inflammation in knees, hips, spine and hand. The intensity of pain varies from person to person. References Diogo, R., Wood, B. (2016). Origin, Development, and Evolution of Primate Muscles, with Notes on Human Anatomical Variations and Anomalies.Developmental Approaches to Human Evolution, 167-204. Isa, H., Kamat, S. R., Rohana, A., Saptari, A., Shahrizan, M. (2014, June). Analysis of Muscle Activity using Surface Electromyography for Muscle Performance in Manual Lifting Task. InApplied Mechanics and Materials(Vol. 564, pp. 644-649). Jarmey, C. (2013).The concise book of muscles. North Atlantic Books. Lindstedt, S. L. (2016). Skeletal muscle tissue in movement and health: positives and negatives.Journal of Experimental Biology,219(2), 183-188. Netter, F. H. (2014).Atlas of Human Anatomy, Professional Edition: including NetterReference. com Access with Full Downloadable Image Bank. Elsevier Health Sciences. Notebaert, A. (2014). Student use of pictures on text-based examination questions in an undergraduate human anatomy course (530.6).The FASEB Journal,28(1 Supplement), 530-6. Rall, J. A. (2014). Birth of the sliding filament model of muscular contraction: proposal. InMechanism of Muscular Contraction(pp. 29-57). Springer New York. Wilcox, S., Schoffman, D. E., Dowda, M., Sharpe, P. A. (2014). Psychometric Properties of the 8-Item English Arthritis Self-Efficacy Scale in a Diverse Sample.Arthritis,2014.

The executive branch

Table of Contents Changes in constitutional powers and functions Economic changes Public welfare Regulation Technology Conclusion Works Cited US Executive is one of the primary constituent of the centralized government. It consists of numerous offices that play significant roles in running the branch. The President’s office, his vice and some of the departmental offices are some of the most prime administrative offices in the branch (Brown and Graham, 1). Since the branch was formed, many changes have taken place, in the effort of improving its efficiency.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The executive branch specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Changes in constitutional powers and functions As years passes by, the US constitution keep on changing following the numerous modifications done by the congress (the law-making body). This has immensely affected the roles and powers of the executive branch, since t he offices have to meet their constitutional job requirements. Furthermore, change in legal functions alters the structures the executive branch, since they will have to introduce other offices, to assist in meeting the newly introduced requirements. For instance, some of the executive functions and terms were altered by the congress under the twentieth amendment. The interlude between election and inaugural ceremony was altered, and thus the president alongside with his vice had to surrender their offices in January 20th (noon), the year after general elections. This is because; initially, the period between election and inauguration was quite stretched i.e. approximately four months after voting. Furthermore, the amendment also stated that, incase the presidential-elect passes away, then the vice president elect will assume the president’s position and thus sworn as the new president of US. There were also some modifications under the 22nd amendment that extensively affecte d the executive offices (Wright, 64). The amendment transformed the number of times a citizen can hold a presidential office; the number was changed to a maximum of two terms in office (Findlaw). The succession of the president was changed, in one of the amendment clause i.e. the vice will assume the president’s role, incase the president quits his position or dies. Furthermore, the amendment states that any position in the vice’s office will be appointed by the president; however, the appointee shall not assume the office until he or she is approved by the congress. Economic changes A country’s economy keeps on shifting from one position to another thus influencing various crucial institution and bureaus, including the executive branches. In the past year, United States experienced several economic changes; for instance, the recessions, depressions, crunches and other similar economic difficulties. This experience has made United States alter some of its execut ive departments, as a strategy to curb the economic changes. As a result, some executive departments were removed, while others introduced; some were modified while others replaced.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance, commerce and labor department were split to form two autonomous departments (Infoplease). This move was an economic strategy for the improvement of commerce in the country i.e. to enhance local and international trade. Being a victim of several hash economic environment, the US government has incorporated several junior offices in their departments that assist in projecting its business environment. Public welfare Education department was formed to operate independently, after the amalgamation of several learning programs, from different bureaus. This change was effected in the late seventies as a progress to provide quality education to all students, regardle ss of their backgrounds. Following the terrorist attack in 2001, several offices were merged to form a sovereign protection department i.e. the homeland security department (infoplease). The prime function of this department was to up the security of United States, and also to protect their citizens against unnecessary threats. As early as 1939, the federal security agency was changed following the demands to improve human healthiness and well being. The Agency was transformed to a healthcare department i.e. health and human services department, which was expected to up the standards of health in the country. Some of the numerous function of this health care department was to provide health services to all citizens regardless of their background, abilities or situation; finance healthcare institutions such as Medicaid; conduct healthcare researches and so on. Early in the 60’s, the united states were subjected to numerous housing challenges especially in urban centers. This p ressured the government to create an executive department that would solely address matters pertaining housing and the growth of cities. Consequently, a department in the name of housing and urban development was created as a substitute for the home finance and housing sub-division. The department was formed to offer several services to the ordinary citizens i.e. offer inexpensive housing services; uphold community development and many more others (Infoplease). The department of labor underwent several transitions before it finally stood out as a sovereign department. Initially, labor functioned as an agency under a certain executive department prior to its operation in the labor and commerce department (Henry, 375). Early in the 90’s, labor was separated from the department and thus operated as an autonomous executive department. The change was influenced by the undying effort of guarding workers against overexploitation.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample o n The executive branch specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Regulation Several executive offices have been altered following the government’s attempt to regulate the activities of certain crucial offices. For instance, the national military bureau was transformed following the need to regulate its mandate. The name of the bureau was transformed and named as the department of defense, which was accompanied by numerous changes in its functions. Some of the functions dispensed to this department included flood control; the control and regulation of the navy, marine and other such like agencies. Executive department such as the department of agriculture was established following the need to regulate food prices and input costs. The need to regulate commerce in United States is one of the numerous factors that led to the split of labor and commerce department. Several aspects such as local trade, international trade, and technological g rowth had to be regulated adequately. However, this proved tricky without the sovereign existence of commerce department. As a result, the department of trade and labor was split to form two autonomous departments. Technology Over the years, United States has grown technologically, with the introduction of numerous ideologies and hi-tech devices. However, these inventions and innovations possess a number of negative and positive impacts, which can influence a country in various capacities. In the attempt to control these impacts, the executive experienced a stretch in their duties and thus increasing their scope. In other words, the executive had to perform extra roles due to technological advancements i.e. to develop policies that regulate their use. The advances in technology, which are eventually incorporated in different departments, have immensely influenced the executive structures. Several offices have been created as a solution for the management of these high-tech equipment s in different executive departments. For instance, the defense department has several technological departments that contain several offices responsible for developing and managing technical weapons. Conclusion The functions and names of offices in the executive branch have changed over the years, due to several factors. Some of the reason that influenced changes in departmental names and operations include economic changes, technological changes, a shift in public welfare demands and the need for office regulations. Some of the offices in the branch, which have grown and changed over the years, include the president office, executive departments and the vice president office. Works Cited Barrett, Henry. The President’s Cabinet, Studies in the Origin, Formation and Structure of an American Institution. Charleston: BiblioBazaar, LLC, 2009 375.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Brown, Elizabeth and Graham, David. Leading the executive branch: strategies and options for achieving success. Santa Monica: Rand Corporation. 2007 1. Findlaw. Amendment to the constitution of United States of America. London: Thomson Reuters business. 2010. Web. Available at:Â  https://constitution.findlaw.com/amendments.html Infoplease. Executive department. Berkeley: Pearson education 2007. Web. Available at:Â  https://www.infoplease.com/history-and-government/executive-departments-and-agencies/executive-departments Wright, John. The New York times Almanac 2002. New York: Routledge. 2001 64. This essay on The executive branch was written and submitted by user Zaniyah W. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Puja essay Essays

Puja essay Essays Puja essay Essay Puja essay Essay Buddhists believe that by performing certain actions with the right intentions it is possible to purify your karma and attain merit may any auspicious purify power generated by writing this work be for the benefit of my parents, wife, and daughter all who read this book and beings, merit can help on the path to enlightenment and can also be shared with others, just like the Buddha shared with his followers. In the days of the Buddha his followers seen him and his teachings as a refuge, in Buddhism the word refuge means a place you can go to be safe, a place you can trust, a place you an go and develop as a person, and a place for support. Buddhist thought that the world is full of perils, ignorance and suffering and Buddhism was a refuge from this. The community of Buddhism also became a refuge for followers. Many traditions in Buddhism see the three jewels as refuges and will chant them in pail, Buddhism saran chamois, dammar saran chamois, gingham saran chamois this chant is called going for refuge and is very important in the Buddhist ritual. In chanting the formula Buddhists orientate themselves from worldly things like money and romance ND push themselves towards the three jewels. During the time of the Buddha all those who took refuge in him were called buckish, he sent them out with the words go monks and travel for the welfare and happiness of the people out of compassion for the world, teach the dharma, buckish lived a wandering life, they taught the dharma and only ate what was given to them. In Buddhism there are no rules about how often one should worship, however many Buddhists keep a shrine in their house so they can perform simple acts of worship daily. The word shrine implies that it is a place where something special is kept, in all forms of Buddhism ceremonies are held regularly in temples. The layout of the shrine and the objects associated with it vary from one Buddhist saga to another, but there are common features between them all. There is usually a statue or a picture of shamanic in the centre of the shrine; Mahayana shrines in particular are more likely to have a variety of Buddha images. Offering water at the butane is a symbol of respect, this is because India is such a warm country and water is a valuable moodily. Light is an important symbol, in Buddhism a candle flame represents enlightenment. A shrine is treated with great respect and care, it is usually cleaned daily, with water and food changed daily. Statues are also a part of pupas, the identity of the statue on the shrine depends largely on the kind of Buddhism being carried out. Tetrahedral Buddhist temples and shrines have statues of the historical Buddha; in this case the statue represents the historical Buddha as worthy of respect for what he achieved. The Buddhist rage to show respect for all that the Buddha stands for through their actions comes from the practice in early Buddhism of visiting and circumnavigating status containing the relics of the Buddha are an important part of worship. A mantra is a phrase containing the name of an enlightened being that worshippers repeat and In doing so they manifest the qualities of that enlightened being, mom main padre hum is an important mantra. In Tibetan Buddhism the mantra is written on prayer flags and on pieces of paper that are put inside prayer wheels which the worshipper turns.

Pathology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Pathology - Essay Example Cirrhosis does not show any signs or symptoms in the earlier stages. The symptoms include fatigue, bleeding, itchy skin, jaundice, ascites, nausea, edema of lower limbs, weight loss and confusion. Once an individual shows such signs, it is important to have them tested or scanned to establish the problems with their liver (Healthcote, 2003). There are other diseases that have similar clinical manifestations so it is advised that one should have regular scans to avoid cases where cirrhosis could progress to lethal stages (Stephen, 2010). Cirrhosis is caused by the formation of tissues in the liver as the liver strains in its activities. In the process the liver gets injured and in its repairing mechanism there is the formation of scar fibrous material. The accumulation of the materials is what causes cirrhosis. Other factors that cause cirrhosis include hemochromatosis, Wilson’s disease, biliary atresia, galactosemia, hepatitis, alcohol abuse, primary, sclerosing cholangitis and schistosomiasis (The Mayo Clinic; Kushner and Edwards, 1993). Imaging through magnetic resonance elastography, magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography are used to see the liver damage. The doctor also gets the patient’s history before administering a plan. Cirrhosis may be controlled by changing lifestyles for the alcohol takers. Hepatitis can be controlled and nutritional supplements can be used to prevent further damage (Stephen,

Critically evaluate the idea that work is both a moral category and an Essay

Critically evaluate the idea that work is both a moral category and an economic category in capitalism - Essay Example The firms and individuals in capitalism also have the right of purchasing and selling labor without any government control. The market is equally a commercial society that is characterized by equilibrium or the balance between demand and supply. Another characteristic of capitalism is the balance between the jobs available in the economy and the population (Ito?, 1988 p. 4). Work as a Social category in Capitalism Work as a social category in capitalism is explicable using the theory of Capitalism as developed by Marx. In this theory, Marx states that the society is responsible for producing merchandise and services to the market. The division of labor characterizes the production process of the goods and services. As mentioned earlier, commercial society focuses on the social division of labor and the exchange of the commodities (Ito?, 1988 p.13). In capitalism, labor power is a commodity that is responsible for giving the economic structure an original appearance. Through the excha nge, a social connection is established between the different producers of the market commodities. As a means of fabricating a large amount of products that are required to satisfy the demands of customers on the market, a significant amount of social labor is required. This means that social labor needs distribution in the market or the economy. Another characteristic of Capitalism is the ethical shopping that humanizes the activities involved in capitalism. There exist inequalities in the socio-economic capital as well as proceeds in the free market. Ethical shopping ensures that the inequality in the free market is reducible by reconciling the respect of human rights. In capitalism, the effects of the consumer choices about the workers who are responsible for providing goods and services are evident (Dine, 2006 p. 139). The Basis of Morals in Capitalism Capitalism is a moral system that exists socially based on varied reasons. First, the producers’ freedom is highly respec ted in the free market and, the individuals or firms have the rights of setting their own goals. Due to the fall of communism, capitalism is adopted by many nations with the aim of promoting growth and prosperity of their economies. It is recognizable as the only economic system that is practical. However, the state is gaining control of the free market because no firm or individual has been ready or willing to defend capitalism based on moral. As a means of maintaining high morals, the government as well as the individuals in the free market had an agreement where the government’s role was to play part in ensuring the existence of high levels of morals in the market. Following the agreement, capitalism has continued to encourage virtues that are essential in human life (Tracinski, 2002 p. 1). As mentioned earlier, Capitalism ensures that the independent mind of individuals is safeguarded at all times. Additionally, capitalism facilitates the recognition of an individual†™s sanctity. The producers and creators should make sure that they produce products that will improve or sustain the human life. For

Effects of Viral Marketing

Effects of Viral Marketing Viral Marketing 1.1 Viral Marketing These years, the competitions among companies become more and more furious. Song (2004) pointed out that many companies in order to survive even to develop, they try to make good use any way that can help them to enlarge their market share and build a strong brand. The traditional Medias such as television, newspaper, radio and printed Ads were over used in the last decade. This view was supported by Mogg (2006) who believed that using these traditional ways to promote a product or service not longer can stimulate audiences’ passion and urge effectively. Because in some extent, audiences were get used to receive information of these ways, they need something new, need a new â€Å"flavor† of the information they receive (Sally, 2006). The era that customers rely on marketers’ suggestions or advertising to make a purchase decision was gone. Czinkota (2007) argued that only supply the information that you think customers would need is not working, not enough to persuade customers, and can not fulfill their needs and satisfy them. Customers already become smart enough; they do not like to be persuaded by marketers or advertisings in many situations. They prefer to be active in the buying process and use their own knowledge and standards to decide what they need, and what they happy to buy (Grewal, 2008). A strong brand can make customers have faith in a company and its products. This view seems acceptable for Fill (2005) who agreed that building close relationship with customers is vital; companies try their best to pursue the best marketing strategies with the purpose to be strong and profitable. Word of mouth is one of the effective ways for a company to promote its products (Anderson, 1999). Word-of-Mouth (WOM) was described as oral, person-to-person communication between a receiver and a communicator which the receiver perceives as a noncommercial message, regarding a brand, product or service (Haywood, 1989, pp53-66). It can help a company use less money to do the mass promotion. This view was supported by Buttle(1998), he believed that customers are easier to be persuaded through this way as they think it is a noncommercial way. They consider that they are on the active position to receive information and make a buying decision, not be persuaded to do that. With the evolution of technology, and the growth of the internet, the arena of many companies have move from realistic world to a new world—the internet (Castells, 1997). Word of mouth has upgrade through internet, and gets a new name â€Å"viral marketing† these years (Modzelewski, 2000). Base on Dicher’s (2001, pp47) research, â€Å"viral marketing is a strategy that companies use to stimulate their customer to pass on something about their products to their network of colleagues and friends†. For the company, viral marketing can help a company use a little budget to promote itself sharply, since the information you send out, customers would pass them on by themselves. In the customers’ side, viral marketing help customers feel better as they think that they make the purchase decision by themselves, and they get information from their friends who seem more reliable than marketers or advertisings. (Wangenheim, 2007, pp131-146) Base on the advantages of internet, using viral marketing relate to internet can make the promotion effect like a nuclear bomb. Internet can make the information deliver very fast, even exceed your expectation. Sudaraman and Rajagopalan(2003) found that since you use viral marketing to send out your information, it may reach every corner of world that has internet connections only need a few days. Internet seems something bring information deliver from the â€Å"Stone Age† to â€Å"21st century†, it acting like a pair of wings of information delivery, make information deliver reach to an incredible speed. Considering the effective of viral marketing strategy, this report decides to examine the effects of viral marketing that can make to a company. The author is very interested in the effects of viral marketing, as it is a trend for future business; it is so useful to company’s promotion and information delivery. To know clear about the viral marketing can help author to enrich his marketing knowledge, and will be very helpful in his future job or business, even can help readers of this report to know more about viral marketing. In order to make the research more reliable and get accurate analysis, this report would choose MySpace, an online company which seems to be success on using viral marketing strategy to assist the analysis. 1.2 MySpace Tom Anderson (born November 8, 1970) is the President of the social networking website, MySpace. He is one of the people identified as a founder of the site, along with CEO Chris DeWolfe (Boyd, 2006). At the beginning, it was a website with a small number of users, which used to make friends. Then they invite some famous people to join in, these famous people bring many fans in. since more and more bands build up their website on this station, MySpace becoming bigger and get huge number of users. It develop from a music wed station to a core of young people’s live in America, then explore all over the world(Diving into the Myspace Pool, 2006). It chooses to give users enough freedom to build what they like in this wed station, and this freedom and right make it explore so quickly. People can use their email address to sign up as the user of it. (Source from Dwyer, 2007) Every user can upload the things they like, such as video and sound clips, pictures and many other things. MySpace listen to their users and improve the wed station, like increase blogs, message board, discuss rooms, and online communications. Users can talk to their friends there, play games together, even use wed camera to meet each other when they talking.(source from Boyd, 2006) This wed station can make users feel so free in it; they can talk what they like with their friends here. So users invite their friends to join in MySpace (Diving into the MySpace Pool, 2006). In such a way, MySpace reach to a great success. Until 2006, MySpace only set up three years, but its development speed was faster than any wed station in history, it is a myth of the internet development history. It already beyond Yahoo and Google to be the biggest wed station in USA. It was set up with a very small cost, but in 2005, Rupert Murdoch, the CEO of The News Corporation Limited, use 580 million dollar to buy it. One year after it was purchased, it earn 900 million dollar from Google for advertising fee. (Source from Hempel and Lehman, 2005) It seems that MySpace really a success example to make good use of viral marketing strategy, that why this report choose UK MySpace as the case study to assist the research and analysis. 1.3 Research Objectives a. Examine the effects that viral marketing can make to a company, associate with case studyUK MySpace b. Access to customers attitude and reactions to viral marketing through primary and secondary data analysis c. Find out the effects of viral marketing for a company’s success at last. Chapter 2 Literature Review 2.1 The Background and Development of Viral Marketing Marketing is a social process which satisfies consumers needs. The term includes advertising, distribution and selling of a product or service. It is also concerned with anticipating the customers future needs and expectations, often through market research (Frenzen and Nakamoto, 1993). This view was supported by Eugene (1998) who believed that marketing is the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion, and distribution of ideas, goods, and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational objectives. Pamela (2000) pointed out that traditional marketing is the marketing techniques that are used for many years, it mainly using mediums such as, television, newspaper, telephone and radio. Nowadays, there are many new technologies are used to replace the traditional mediums to do promotions: Internet, multimedia mobile phone, blogs and so on. These new mediums can help marketers to reach more customers and cut cost. This view was supported by Wegert (2004) who believed that the traditional mediums do not work effective as before, they make many audiences feel boring and many offers what they dislike. Customers want to see something new and soothing, really make them interesting and happy, so the new mediums may work effective and can catch their eyeballs (Anderson, 1998, pp104-141). These years, more and more people like to surfing on internet (Wangenheim, 2007). This situation leads to many marketers focus on internet to promote their products and services. Especially, young people prefer using internet to traditional mediums. For a company’s future development, holding the young people now can make them get a big market share in the future (Bayus, 1985). So to make good use of the internet to do promotion is vital for many companies, especially the company which rely on internet to do business. There are many advantages to use internet as an advertising medium: message can change quickly and easily; create own page cheaply; low cost; direct sales possible and so on (McWilliams, 2000). Base on its advantages, more and more companies choose to use internet to do advertisings. Several main online promotion techniques are recognized by marketing researchers, viral marketing will be the focus of this research as it can reach mass consumers in a short time with a low cost. 2.2 From WOM to Viral Marketing During the last decade, customer satisfaction and perceived service quality have been important topics in the marketing literature. This is due to the empirically verified belief that increases in satisfaction and quality will finally result in higher profitability (Wangenheim, 2007). Over the past 10 years however the focus of research on satisfaction and quality has slowly shifted from understanding how â€Å"service quality perceptions and satisfaction judgments† are formed to a more â€Å"outcome-oriented view† of assessing the returns on service quality and satisfaction based on a thorough understanding of the associated costs and benefits (Buttle, 1998, pp76-89). A strategy called â€Å"viral marketing† was used by many companies to pursue the profit. Before the â€Å"viral marketing† appears, a marketing strategy called â€Å"word of mouth† was used in that way. Haywood (1989) believed that Word-of-Mouth (WOM) refers to oral, person-to-person communication between a receiver and a communicator which the receiver perceives as a noncommercial message, regarding a brand, product or service. Even though WOM strategy can bring huge benefits to a company, the development of technology usage has upgraded the word of mouth strategy to a new one call â€Å"viral marketing† (Richins, 1999). These years, stationary Internet consumers’ communication environment has been changed and enriched. As a result WOM has gained new significance and WOM on the stationary Internet was termed â€Å"viral marketing†. This view was supported by Godes and Mayzlin (2004), that Viral or word-of-mouth marketing has become very popular because it has a new medium—the Internet. According to one venture capital firm, 76 percent of new business plans have the words viral marketing in them (File, Cermak and Prince, 2000). Using e-mail makes it incredibly easy to pass information on to a friend or colleague, especially if it involves something fun or free. With millions using the Internet all over the world, the potential for exponential growth is quite huge. 2.3 What is Viral Marketing Since the term viral marketing was introduced in 1997, many disagreements exist about its definition. Subramani and Rajagopalan (2003) view it as word-of-mouth advertising in which consumers tell other consumers about the product or service. Yang and Allenby (2003) argued that true viral marketing differs from word-of-mouth in that the value of the virus to the original consumer is directly related to the number of other users it attracts. Shirky (2000) suggests that, in generally, viral marketing would be word-of-mouth advertising to most people. More importantly, however, he adds that the concept describes viral marketing as a way of getting new customers by encouraging honest communication among consumers. The originator of each branch of the virus has a unique and vested interest in recruiting people to the network. (Modzelewski, 2000, p.30). According to Senecal and Acques (2004) suggestion, purchasing is part of a social process, it involves a one-to-one interaction between the company and the customer and many exchanges of information and influence among the people who surround the customers. They also suggest that many effective networks comprise hubs, clusters, and connections among clusters. In these networks, people will notice a constant flow of green sparks between certain nodes. Wilson (2000) said that viral marketing is sort of this explosion that you start with one customer and he/she will tell people and pass it on continuously. In Dichter’s (2001, p47) opinion, â€Å"viral marketing is the idea that you incite your customers or referral sources to pass on something about your business to their network of colleagues and friends†. There is a similar saying that viral marketing describes any strategy that encourages customers to pass on a marketing message to others, creating the potential for exponential growth in the messages exposure and influence (Hogon, Lemon and Libai, 2004). Nalor (2002) claimed that viral marketing is a marketing tactic relying on some aspects of the system to promote itself as initial targets pass the promotion on to others. Depend mostly on Hogon, Lemon and Libai’s perspectives, the current article views viral marketing as the process of encouraging honest communication among consumer networks, and it focuses on email as the main channel. One example of viral marketing is encouraging current and potential customers to tell others about a companys products and services, and then encouraging those others to tell even more consumers, make the information go forward continuously (Subramani and Rajagopalan, 2003 ). These strategies like viruses, can take advantage of rapid multiplication to explode the message to thousands even to millions customers in a short time. â€Å"The term viral marketing is also used to refer to stealth marketing campaigns—the use of varied kinds of astroturfing both online and offline to create the impression of spontaneous word of mouth enthusiasm†(Hennig-Thurau, Gwinner, Walsh and Gremler,2004, pp 95). Out of the internet, viral marketing has been described as â€Å"word of mouth†, â€Å"creating a buzz†, â€Å"leveraging the media†, â€Å"network marketing†. However, on the internet, whatever, it was called â€Å"viral marketing† (Helm, 2000, pp 57-71). Datta, Chowdhury and Chakraborty (2005) used the term as â€Å"network-enhanced word of mouth† to describe the then high innovative marketing strategy of the free email service Hotmail. For other words, such terms as propagation, aggregation or organic marketing are used. Successful viral marketing is characterized as â€Å"strategies that allow an easier, accelerated, and cost reduced transmission of messages by creating environments for a self-replicating, exponentially increasing diffusion, spiritualization, and impact of the message†. (Hogan, Lemon and Libai, 2001) 2.4. Forms and Categories of Viral Marketing 2.4.1 Forms There are many forms of viral marketing; these include images, jokes, reality TV show transcripts, digital video clips, e-cards, interactive microsites, advergames, and alternative reality games (Modzelewski, 2000). The list is continuously growing as the development of viral marketing. 2.4.2 Categories There are several ways to categorize viral marketing. First, difference between â€Å"intentional and unintentional message† delivery and used a â€Å"motivational classification†. Secondary, difference is between â€Å"service-based and incentive-based†. In the first situation, viral effect was decided by the quality of offer, another one means that company uses monetary incentive to stimulate customers so that they would pass on an advertiser’s message. Base on the differences between private and public recommendation, the categorization between â€Å"high (active) and low (passive) integration strategies are varying in the degree of requiring the consumer’s activity in passing on the ‘virus’ †. (Source from Goldenberg, Libai and Muller, 2001, pp 209-257) 2.5 Viral Marketing in B2B Beside the explanation of viral marketing base on B2C, many authors get another similar definition for it on B2B side. In B2B, viral marketing means the rapid spread of a message about a new product or service, in a similar way to the spread of a virus (Yang and Allenby, 2003). Viral marketing can be word of mouth; however, it is particularly common being use on the Internet, where messages can be spread easily and quickly to reach people all over the world. Products can become very famous in this way with very little advertising cost. Carrabis (2006) has proved that viral marketing rely on social networks in order to function. Linking is also an effective viral marketing tool, as is the provision of free products or services. The Hotmail free e-mail service, for example, grew quickly with little marketing investment (Tafe, 2007). In B2B area, viral marketing works well in the following circumstances: (a) when a product is genuinely new and different, and it is something that opinion leaders want to associate with;(b) when the benefits of the product are real; (c) when the product is relevant to a large number of people, and the benefits are easy to communicate (Bansal and Voyer, 2000, p26-63). 2.6 Why Viral Marketing These years, online social networks are increasingly being considered as an important source of information to affect the adoption and use of products and services (Mac, 2006). Viral marketing as the tactic of creating a process where interested people can market to each other, is therefore emerging as an important marketing strategy to spread-the-word and stimulate the trial, adoption, and use of products and services. (Herr, Kardes and Kim, 1999) What is new about viral marketing is not word of mouth, but the way people are spreading it (Hogan, Lemon and Libai, 2004). Web users have the ears and eyes of hundreds, even thousands of people. They are in contact with an International crowd they would never have met otherwise. Most significantly, they can reach people they do not really know. That is why several weeks after a people sent the first Hotmail message into India; thousands of Indian users had Hotmail accounts (Kuruvilla, 2007). It is believed that a satisfied customer tells an average of three people about a product or service he likes, and nine people about a product or service which he dislikes (Sudaraman, Mitra and Webster, 1999). Viral marketing is based on this natural human behavior to conduct its campaigns. Domingos (2006) believed that the purpose of marketers interested in making a successful viral marketing campaign is to identify customers who with high social networking potentials, and then created viral messages that can attract this segment of the customers and have a high likely to keep the message spreading. Viral marketing has received extensive attention from both academics and practitioners these years (Jurvetson, 2000). Base on the analysis before, many authors form their standpoints about the effect that viral marketing strategy can bring to a company. They argue with other authors’ opinions base on their own standpoints. 2.6.1 Positive Effects of Viral Marketing Viral marketing facilitates spreading commercial information and content within the desired target group (Hogan, Lemon and Libai, 2001)). Another advantage of it is that advertisers can expand the promotion reach significantly at a very low company expense (Baker, 2005). According a survey of Duhan, Johnson, Wilcox and Harrell (1997), 35% of the 3000 respondents said a friend’s recommendation would convince them to visit a website they do not know before. These results illustrated the huge potential of viral marketing for communication and distribution purposes. What is great about viral marketing is that it is low cost and works virtually by itself. Once you make an offer and provide the facility, for referrals, viral marketing spreads by itself very faster, just like a virus (Hogan, Lemon and Libai, 2004). Just like Tafe (2007) said that, Hotmail only cost 18 months to get 12 million users by using viral marketing that let users to referral users, it cost nothing to do Ads, only use free email account. Viral marketing has been studied both as an input into consumer decision-making, and as an outcome of the purchase process (Holmes and Lett, 1997). In the pre-purchase stage, as a risk reducing strategy, consumers seek product information by participating in the viral marketing process. Positive and negative messages are examples of exit behaviors exhibited by consumers at the conclusion of a service encounter ((Hogan, Lemon and Libai, 2004) or usage of a product (Naylor and Kleiser, 2000). Anderson (1998) pointed out that viral marketing could â€Å"influence consumers’ choices and purchase decisions, and shape consumers’ expectations, pre-usage attitudes, even post-usage perceptions of a product or service†. It is believed that the influence of viral marketing is much greater than that of classic advertising media (Gremler, Gwinner and Brown, 2001).BMW is a good example, it supply 5 video clips to watch and download for free, and then get over 11 million visitor in 4 months. The sales of BMW car are increase 12.5% in the next year (Hespos, 2002). It seems that video clips and internet can make viral marketing working effectively. Viral marketing has been referred to as product-related conversation, personal recommendations, informal communication, and interpersonal communication (Jacob, Barak and Muller, 2001). There are one big distinction between viral marketing activities and commercial mass communication. As viral marketing is a consumer-dominated channel of information, the communicator is thought to be independent of the marketer (Lau and NG, 2001). As a result, it is recognized by customers as a more reliable, credible, and trustworthy source of information. It provides information concerning product performance and the social and psychological consequences of a purchase decision (Naylor and Kleiser, 2000). For example, Myspace use viral marketing to make the users to referral itself and make a big success (Dwyer, 2007). Viral marketing can convert lower order cognition and affect to higher order cognition and affect, which in turn can lead to committed behaviors of receivers (Baker, 2005). The credibility of viral marketing, coupled with the probability that a receiver will be more highly involved in a viral marketing message than an advertisement, lends itself to the formation of such higher order beliefs and cognition. Through multiple dyads and retransmission, one message can reach and potentially influence many receivers (Henning-Thurau, Gwinner, Walsh and Gremler, 2004). Make good use of the customers’ internet social networks, like using free email referrals and internet chat rooms, the information can spread sharply (Domingos, 2006). The effectiveness of viral marketing can also be explained by the accessibility-diagnosticity model (Hogan, Lemon and Libai, 2004). Some findings suggest that vividly (face-to-face) presented information is more memorable to customers and is weighed more heavily in their judgments (Henning-Thurau, Gwinner, Walsh and Gremler, 2004).such as Myspace, it use the chat rooms that users can talk to each other, even face-to-face through PC camera, and then its information become more reliable and memorable for users (Boyd, 2006). Because of internet, information accessibility increases, it is high likely that this information is used by customers as an input for their judgments and choices also increases (Hogan, Lemon and Libai, 2004). 2.6.2 Negative Effects of Viral Marketing For all its advantages, viral marketing also has many unexpected pitfalls. Most important, companies have almost no control over the viral spread since it was send out, and therefore they can do little if the viral turns to against them and their products (Jurvetson, 2000). â€Å"The action most frequently reported by consumers who are dissatisfied with a purchase or who have rejected or discontinued using a product is telling friends about the experience and urging them to avoid it† (Weinberger and Lepkowska-White, 2000 ). Many researchers have suggested that negative information tends to cause many attention to and weighting of that information (Bristor, 1990). For example, Naylor and Kleiser (2000) found that negative messages destroy the image of a brand are more than twice as strongly as positive WOM promoted sales of that product. Negative message has also led to the failure of many companies’ promotion. Wilson (2000) argues that negative messages would be communicated to more people than positive messages. According to much previous evidence about the spread of marketing information, it is suggested that a negative message may travel farther than a positive message through retransmission. In previous research; the influencer was oft en considering to be an opinion leader. However, a dissatisfied customer who initiates negative message need not be an opinion leader, and yet his opinions can have adverse effects on the marketer (Richins, 1999). For example, Sony try to use Youtube to promote its Playstation consoles, it created an imaginary character called Peter and tried to make the character as a hip -hop shark. However, some clever users soon discovered the wile, and tell many others. Many people then angary with what SONY done, and refuse to buy the playstation consoles. In the end, Sony had to make a public apology to delighted and hold the customers. (Source from Kuruvilla, 2007) 2.6.3 Viral Marketing Effects in B2B For business-to-business companies, it makes sense to begin with a product or service offer that has real, free value to prospects. Examples: an e-mailed newsletter that can easily be forwarded to colleagues, or a product that comes with an incentive, such as gift certificates or coupons, sent via e-mail, which can be passed along to more than one person. Viral marketing can work effective for B2B providers, since the following is true. One very significant effort of viral marketing is to allow others to post articles that you have authored on their Web sites (Lau and NG, 2001). Another way to encourage visitors to spread the word about your product or service is to provide a link or button on each Web page that they can click on to forward your wed site (Goldenberg, Libai and Muller, 2001). While some people may use viral marketing only as buzzwords, there is another significance for B2B marketers. Companies can encourage satisfied customers and referral sources in a credible way and persuade them to spread the positive words for their products. Keep the reward combined with your business and appropriate for the size and type of referral. Ensure that your offer adds value or reward for the referrer and for those people that are referred to you, and then you will have a cost-effective marketing tool to grow your business (Herr, Kardes and Kim, 1999). 2.6.4 Factors Motivating Viral Marketing According to Chen, Iyer and Padmanabhan (2002), viral marketing involves two parties: the communicator and the receiver. Viral marketing will only start when the communicator is motivated to speak and the receiver is motivated to listen. Therefore, in order to understand how the process works, it is very important that understand the inherent motives. In the case of the receiver, motivation to listen may be affected by: (a) source reliability (Blodgett, Granbois and Walters, 1998); (b) interpersonal ties between the sender and receiver (Goldenberg, Libai and Muller, 2001); (c)product and purchasing situation characteristics such as high perceived risk (Bristor, 1990), newness, .and intangibility associated with services (Weinberger and Lepkowska-White, 2000); and (d) situational factors such as conditions where product information may be hard or impossible to get from the marketer, or where there is a shortage of time. In the case of the communicator, motivation to speak may be influenced by: (a) the personality of the communicator, for example, self-confidence (Bristor, 1990) and sociability (Richins, 1999); (b) the attitudes of the communicator, for example, a desire to help others (Lau and NG, 2001) and attitude towards complaining (Singh, 1990); (c) involvement with the product and with the purchase decision (Henning-Thurau, Gwinner, Walsh and Gremler, 2004); and (d) situational factors like â€Å"proximity of others during dissatisfaction† (Lau and NG, 2001). Viral marketing has quickly been recognized by many companies because of many successful examples: Marketers proved that a little budget they could motivate millions customers. They did so by encourage customer-to-customer communication to increase sales, brand awareness, and market share. Seth Godi uploads his ebook on the internet and the people can download for free and has the right to send to their friends. If they like, they can buy a print copy. Only three months, nearly one million people download the e-book. (Source from Tafe, 2007) Receivers getting a marketing message from familiar communicators participate more frequently in a campaign as initial contacts. Because the personal message which come from friends or people you know would be more credible than that coming directly from the self-interest advertiser (Goldenberg, Libai and Muller, 2001). Taking advantage of the inherent nature of internet as communication vehicles viral marketing enables consumers to share information and content within their social network easier and faster, there are without time and location limitation for internet communications (Naylor and Kleiser, 2000). Money incentive can works very effective when a viral marketing not clever and attractive enough for customers. Give referrers a reward can encourage fast spread of the marketing information. Those people who pass on your information can get something in return can encourage their passion to pass on the information. That something may be a gift or service related to your business or simply the knowledge that they have added value for others. 2.7 Measuring Success and Effective Many authors argue that what is a successful campaign? Can it based on the amount of number of people who positively interact with the campaign’s content or the sales created by the campaign? Although no a single measurement system has build up for viral marketing, measurement tools do exist, allow the markers use to tracking the process and effects of viral marketing. It is hard to know whether audiences care about the contents behind the campaigns, what ensure about the marketers maybe how many people see the campaign (Goldenberg, Libai and Muller, 2001). Shirky (2000) believed that viral marketing not always effective as it also have many disadvantages, and many situations would make it fail. The difference between a successful and unsuccessful viral marketing campaign is the campaign’s ability to connect with audiences and persuade them to pass on the message and ultimately the product or service (Kirby, 2006, p.92). Kirby (2006) recognizes that in order to increase the chances of a successful viral campaign many companies are starting to invest more into the planning and implementation of it. Freedma